EntityManager.persist x 5000 in one transaction entities held in the persistence context at the end: 5000 entity inserts: 5000 statements prepared: 1 EntityAgent.insert x 5000 in one transaction entities held anywhere: 0 (a StatelessSession has no persistence context) entity inserts: 5000 statements prepared: 5000 EntityAgent.insertMultiple(list of 5000) entity inserts: 5000 statements prepared: 1 publisher.id before insert: null publisher.id after insert: 1 (insert() itself returns void)