Forcing real treeification: 20 keys with hashCode()==1, loadFactor=1000f (size-resize disabled) =============================================================================================== All keys hash to the same bucket (see CollidingKey javadoc for why a resize can't separate them). after inserting key #1 : table.length=16 bucket[1] chain=1 kind=Node after inserting key #9 : table.length=32 bucket[1] chain=9 kind=Node after inserting key #10 : table.length=64 bucket[1] chain=10 kind=Node after inserting key #11 : table.length=64 bucket[1] chain=11 kind=TreeNode Final state: table.length=64, bucket[1] kind=TreeNode, first became a tree at insert #11