$ java -Xmx3g -XX:+UseCompactObjectHeaders MillionStrings (JDK 25) java.version = 25.0.4.1 strings : 1,000,000 (average 42.50 chars) coder == 0 (LATIN1) in set A : 1,000,000 coder == 1 (UTF16) in set B : 1,000,000 A: lower-case ASCII only : 86,150,520 bytes (86.2 MB, 86.2 bytes per string) B: same + one euro sign : 130,145,168 bytes (130.1 MB, 130.1 bytes per string) B / A : 1.511