$ java -Xmx3g -XX:-CompactStrings MillionStrings (JDK 25) java.version = 25.0.4.1 strings : 1,000,000 (average 42.50 chars) coder == 0 (LATIN1) in set A : 0 coder == 1 (UTF16) in set B : 1,000,000 A: lower-case ASCII only : 131,995,184 bytes (132.0 MB, 132.0 bytes per string) B: same + one euro sign : 133,839,824 bytes (133.8 MB, 133.8 bytes per string) B / A : 1.014