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# 06 · Denial: what is thrown, and how to change it

Run: `java -cp target/classes:$(cat cp.txt) com.ankurm.methodsec.Demo7DeniedHandling`
Output: [`output/demo7.txt`](output/demo7.txt)
Source: [`Demo7DeniedHandling.java`](../src/main/java/com/ankurm/methodsec/Demo7DeniedHandling.java)

## The exception

```
thrown                          -> org.springframework.security.authorization.AuthorizationDeniedException
is AccessDeniedException        -> true
is AuthorizationDeniedException -> true
carries an AuthorizationResult  -> ExpressionAuthorizationDecision granted=false
```

Documentation and older posts say "throws `AccessDeniedException`", and code written against
that still catches it. But the concrete type is `AuthorizationDeniedException`, and it carries
the `AuthorizationResult` that explains the denial — for a SpEL rule, an
`ExpressionAuthorizationDecision` that knows which expression failed. That is the difference
between an audit log line saying "access denied" and one saying which rule denied it.

## Returning something instead of throwing

`@HandleAuthorizationDenied` names a `MethodAuthorizationDeniedHandler` bean, which gets the
`MethodInvocation` and the `AuthorizationResult` and returns a value in place of the throw:

```java
@PreAuthorize("hasRole('FINANCE')")
@HandleAuthorizationDenied(handlerClass = MaskingHandler.class)
public String maskedBalance() { return "1,204,993.22"; }
```

```
maskedBalance()  (alice, no ROLE_FINANCE)      ALLOWED  -> ***masked***
maskedList()     (alice, no ROLE_FINANCE)      ALLOWED  -> []
maskedBalance()  (cfo, has ROLE_FINANCE)       ALLOWED  -> 1,204,993.22
```

The returned value must be assignable to the method's declared return type, so a handler shared
across methods has to inspect it — the demo's handler returns `List.of()` for a `List` return
type and a masked string otherwise. A handler that gets this wrong fails with a
`ClassCastException` at the call site, which is worse than the denial it was replacing.

Use this where a partial answer is genuinely correct — a masked field on a shared DTO, an empty
list for a section the user cannot see. Do not use it to make an authorization failure invisible
to your own logs.

## `@AuthorizeReturnObject`

Moves the check from the method that returns an object onto the object's own accessors:

```java
public class Customer {
    public String getName() { return this.name; }

    @PreAuthorize("hasAuthority('pii:read')")
    public String getEmail() { return this.email; }
}

@AuthorizeReturnObject
public Customer findCustomer(String name) { ... }
```

```
returned instance -> ...Customer$$SpringCGLIB$$0
customer.getName()   (no authority needed)     ALLOWED  -> alice
customer.getEmail()  (needs 'pii:read')        DENIED   -> AuthorizationDeniedException
```

The returned object is CGLIB-proxied, which means [chapter 04](04-non-proxyable-methods.md)
applies to it in full: the class cannot be `final`, so **a record will not work**, and a `final`
getter is not advised. The `Customer` in this demo is deliberately a plain class for exactly
that reason.

The same thing without the annotation, through the container's `AuthorizationProxyFactory`:

```java
AuthorizationProxyFactory factory = ctx.getBean(AuthorizationProxyFactory.class);
Customer wrapped = factory.proxy(raw);   // generic, no cast needed
```

```
raw.getEmail()      (unproxied object)         ALLOWED  -> alice@example.com
wrapped.getEmail()  (proxied object)           DENIED   -> AuthorizationDeniedException
```

**Package correction:** `AuthorizationProxyFactory` lives in
`org.springframework.security.authorization`, not `org.springframework.security.authorization.method`
where the reference documentation places it. The implementation,
`AuthorizationAdvisorProxyFactory`, is in `…authorization.method`; the interface is one package
up. `proxy(T)` is generic and returns `T`.

Two more things worth knowing before you reach for it:

- The `authorizeReturnObject` advisor is registered at order **450**
  (`AuthorizationInterceptorsOrder.SECURE_RESULT`) whether or not anything in your application
  uses `@AuthorizeReturnObject` — visible in [`output/demo6.txt`](output/demo6.txt).
- At class level it proxies *every* return value, including `String` and boxed primitives.
  Publish `AuthorizationAdvisorProxyFactory.TargetVisitor.defaultsSkipValueTypes()` if you go
  that route.

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