atomics: Java Atomics and VarHandle companion code
AtomicLong/LongAdder/VarHandle counters benchmarked against the synchronized and ReentrantLock baselines from the locks module, a deterministic ABA race against a hand-rolled Treiber stack plus the AtomicStampedReference fix, and a VarHandle access-modes demo (plain/opaque/acquire-release/volatile). Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 5 <[email protected]> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01FhzLY5p6okFva3qsnsRyvM
This commit is contained in:
Claude Sonnet 5
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ article; each module's own README has that article's version table, quickstart,
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|---|---|
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| [`jmm`](jmm/) | The Java Memory Model Explained: volatile, happens-before, and Why Your Double-Checked Lock Failed |
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| [`locks`](locks/) | synchronized vs ReentrantLock vs StampedLock: Benchmarks and a Decision Table |
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| [`atomics`](atomics/) | Java Atomics and VarHandle: CAS, LongAdder, and When Atomics Beat Locks |
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## License
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@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
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# atomics
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Companion code for the ankurm.com post *"Java Atomics and VarHandle: CAS, LongAdder, and When
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Atomics Beat Locks."* Third module in `java-core-examples`, the Java-core / concurrency series.
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## Versions this was built and tested against
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| Component | Version | Notes |
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|---|---|---|
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| JDK | 25.0.4.1+1 (Temurin, LTS) | |
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| JMH | 1.37 | |
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| JUnit Jupiter | 5.11.0 | Correctness tests only. |
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| Maven | 3.9.11 | |
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| Hardware | 2 vCPU x86-64 VM | Same sandbox as `jmm` and `locks` - see the honesty note below. |
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## Quickstart
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```bash
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export JAVA_HOME=/path/to/jdk-25
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mvn package
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java -jar target/benchmarks.jar IncrementBenchmark -t 8
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java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.AbaProblemDemo
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java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.VarHandleAccessModesDemo
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```
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`scripts/run-all.sh` regenerates every file in `output/`. `scripts/run.sh <BenchmarkClass> [args]`
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runs one benchmark ad hoc.
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## What's in here
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| File | What it shows |
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|---|---|
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| `src/main/java/.../Counter.java` | The interface all five counters implement. |
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| `.../SynchronizedCounter.java`, `.../ReentrantLockCounter.java` | The two lock-based baselines from the `locks` module, reused here for a direct comparison. |
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| `.../AtomicLongCounter.java` | `AtomicLong.incrementAndGet()` - one contended CAS location. |
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| `.../LongAdderCounter.java` | `LongAdder` - writes spread across striped cells, `sum()` on read. |
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| `.../VarHandleCounter.java` | The same CAS loop `AtomicLong` does internally, written by hand against a plain field via `VarHandle`. |
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| `.../TreiberStack.java` | A textbook lock-free stack - and where the ABA problem actually lives. |
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| `.../AbaProblemDemo.java` | A real, two-thread, deterministically-forced ABA race against `TreiberStack`, plus the `AtomicStampedReference` fix. |
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| `.../VarHandleAccessModesDemo.java` | `VarHandle`'s four access-mode families (plain, opaque, acquire/release, volatile) plus `compareAndSet`. |
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| `src/test/java/.../CounterCorrectnessTest.java` | Lost-update sanity checks - does NOT prove throughput, ABA, or ordering claims, see its Javadoc. |
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| `output/01` | `IncrementBenchmark` swept across 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 threads. |
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| `output/02` | The ABA demo's actual output - a real corruption, then the stamped fix. |
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| `output/03` | The VarHandle access-modes demo's output. |
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| `output/04` | JUnit correctness run. |
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## Reading the numbers honestly (2-vCPU sandbox)
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**`LongAdder` wins under any real contention** (`output/01`): from 2 threads onward it holds
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~160,000-177,000 ops/ms, 3-4x every other counter, exactly matching its design - writes land on
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one of several striped cells instead of fighting over one location, so contention on the counter
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itself mostly disappears. At 1 thread it's actually the slowest of the five (no contention to
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amortize the cell-array bookkeeping against), which is the one case its own Javadoc explicitly
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says to expect.
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**`AtomicLong` is fastest at 1 thread, then drops hard and plateaus** (`output/01`): ~152,000
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ops/ms uncontended, down to ~43,000-58,000 from 2 threads on - every thread past the first is
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now genuinely fighting over one CAS location, and on this 2-core box that settles into a stable
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but much lower plateau rather than degrading further.
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**`VarHandle`'s hand-written CAS loop is consistently behind `AtomicLong`'s under contention** -
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roughly 30,000-32,000 ops/ms against `AtomicLong`'s 43,000-58,000 from 2 threads onward, despite
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both doing the same fundamental operation (read, compute, `compareAndSet`, retry on failure).
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This repository does not have a definitive answer for the exact gap; the likely explanation is
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that `AtomicLong.incrementAndGet()` is a JIT/JVM intrinsic HotSpot recognizes and compiles
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specially, while the hand-written `getVolatile` + `compareAndSet` loop in `VarHandleCounter`,
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while using the same underlying CAS instruction, doesn't get quite the same treatment. Take this
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as "hand-rolling the loop yourself costs something measurable here," not as a precise multiplier
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to expect elsewhere.
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**`synchronized` again lags well behind at 2+ threads** - the same pattern documented in the
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`locks` module's README, reproduced here with a completely different set of counters, which is
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some evidence it's a property of this sandbox's monitor-contention path rather than a fluke of
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one benchmark file.
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## License
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MIT - see the [repo-wide LICENSE](../LICENSE).
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@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
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$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar IncrementBenchmark -t <N> -rf text
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(one JVM invocation per thread count; -t sets the JMH thread count for that run)
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=== threads=1 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 152210.819 ± 13994.910 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 85474.018 ± 4259.652 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 52749.683 ± 9224.450 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 41962.389 ± 5710.162 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 92813.051 ± 18134.407 ops/ms
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=== threads=2 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 55290.174 ± 5756.818 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 175504.101 ± 19226.430 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 12132.831 ± 3380.323 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 7781.210 ± 5925.389 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 31955.213 ± 7578.028 ops/ms
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=== threads=4 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 58192.557 ± 1874.113 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 176176.145 ± 10500.741 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 49474.377 ± 6131.270 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 8198.887 ± 18413.808 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 32807.244 ± 14075.306 ops/ms
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=== threads=8 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 58036.390 ± 10538.772 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 176823.593 ± 19520.176 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 49528.714 ± 9256.971 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 8933.358 ± 7612.678 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 31671.036 ± 9740.912 ops/ms
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=== threads=16 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 55587.800 ± 3218.928 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 171534.976 ± 37921.512 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 48603.146 ± 6585.079 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 8839.293 ± 3658.010 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 31809.007 ± 7320.695 ops/ms
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=== threads=32 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 56397.645 ± 6961.852 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 162883.357 ± 14305.826 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 43556.152 ± 10557.939 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 9159.280 ± 8780.101 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 32833.760 ± 2661.430 ops/ms
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=== threads=64 ===
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Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
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IncrementBenchmark.atomicLong thrpt 5 43448.887 ± 5607.031 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.longAdder thrpt 5 166468.689 ± 22263.886 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.reentrantLock thrpt 5 44277.427 ± 6928.188 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.synchronized_ thrpt 5 10784.283 ± 3760.196 ops/ms
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IncrementBenchmark.varHandleCas thrpt 5 29751.529 ± 1620.459 ops/ms
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@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
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$ java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.AbaProblemDemo
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=== Part 1: a real ABA race against TreiberStack ===
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Initial stack (top first): [A, B, C]
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Main thread popped, legitimately: "A", then "B"
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Stack after those two real pops: [C]
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Main thread pushed the SAME "A" node object back: [A, C]
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Thread 1's stale CAS result: CAS succeeded, pop() would have returned "A"
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Stack contents after Thread 1's stale CAS: [B, C]
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"B" is back in the stack even though the main thread already popped it and
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nobody ever pushed it again - Thread 1's CAS matched on reference identity
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alone (top was "A" both times it looked) and blindly installed a newTop
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("B") that was computed from a read that happened before two pops and a
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push it never saw. "A" was also just handed out twice: once to the main
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thread's first pop(), once to Thread 1's stale one.
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=== Part 2: AtomicStampedReference detects the same shape of race ===
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Reader captured: ref="A", stamp=0
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After a concurrent A -> B -> A round trip: ref="A", stamp=2 (reference is back to "A", but the stamp moved on)
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A plain AtomicReference.compareAndSet("A", "Z") would see reference == "A" and succeed: true
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AtomicStampedReference.compareAndSet("A", "Z", 0, 1) actually succeeded: false (false is correct - the stamp proves a change happened in between, even though the reference alone looks unchanged)
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@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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$ java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.VarHandleAccessModesDemo
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plain set(1) / get() -> 1
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setOpaque(2) / getOpaque() -> 2
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setRelease(3) / getAcquire() -> 3
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setVolatile(4) / getVolatile() -> 4
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compareAndSet(4, 5) succeeded -> true, second compareAndSet(4, 6) succeeded -> false (expected false - value is 5, not 4, by the second call)
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@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Test set: com.ankurm.atomics.CounterCorrectnessTest
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-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Tests run: 5, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.221 s -- in com.ankurm.atomics.CounterCorrectnessTest
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@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
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xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
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xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
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<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
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<parent>
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<groupId>com.ankurm</groupId>
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<artifactId>java-core-examples</artifactId>
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<version>1.0</version>
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</parent>
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<artifactId>atomics</artifactId>
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<name>atomics</name>
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<description>Java atomics and VarHandle: a counter written five ways, JMH throughput 1-64 threads, the ABA problem reproduced and fixed, and VarHandle's memory-ordering access modes.</description>
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<properties>
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<jmh.version>1.37</jmh.version>
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</properties>
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<dependencies>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
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<artifactId>jmh-core</artifactId>
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<version>${jmh.version}</version>
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</dependency>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
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<artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>
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<version>${jmh.version}</version>
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</dependency>
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<dependency>
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<groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId>
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<artifactId>junit-jupiter</artifactId>
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<version>5.11.0</version>
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<scope>test</scope>
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</dependency>
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</dependencies>
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<build>
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<finalName>benchmarks</finalName>
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<plugins>
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<plugin>
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<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
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<artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
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<version>3.13.0</version>
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<configuration>
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<release>25</release>
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<annotationProcessorPaths>
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<path>
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<groupId>org.openjdk.jmh</groupId>
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<artifactId>jmh-generator-annprocess</artifactId>
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<version>${jmh.version}</version>
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</path>
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</annotationProcessorPaths>
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</configuration>
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</plugin>
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<plugin>
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<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
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<artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
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<version>3.2.5</version>
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</plugin>
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<plugin>
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<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
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<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
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<version>3.5.1</version>
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<executions>
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||||
<execution>
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||||
<phase>package</phase>
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||||
<goals><goal>shade</goal></goals>
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<configuration>
|
||||
<transformers>
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<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
|
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<mainClass>org.openjdk.jmh.Main</mainClass>
|
||||
</transformer>
|
||||
</transformers>
|
||||
</configuration>
|
||||
</execution>
|
||||
</executions>
|
||||
</plugin>
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||||
</plugins>
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||||
</build>
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||||
</project>
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Executable
+36
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
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#!/usr/bin/env bash
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# Regenerates every file in output/ using the same commands used to produce the ones
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# committed here. Requires JDK 25 on PATH/JAVA_HOME.
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set -euo pipefail
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cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
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||||
mvn -q package
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echo "--- 01: IncrementBenchmark thread-count sweep (takes a few minutes) ---"
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{
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echo '$ java -jar target/benchmarks.jar IncrementBenchmark -t <N> -rf text'
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for t in 1 2 4 8 16 32 64; do
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echo "=== threads=$t ==="
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||||
java -jar target/benchmarks.jar "IncrementBenchmark" -t "$t" -rf text -rff /tmp/jmh-atomics-$t.txt
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cat "/tmp/jmh-atomics-$t.txt"
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echo ""
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||||
done
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||||
} > output/01-increment-benchmark-sweep.txt
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||||
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echo "--- 02: ABA problem demo ---"
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{
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echo '$ java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.AbaProblemDemo'
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||||
echo ""
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||||
} > output/02-aba-problem-demo.txt
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java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.AbaProblemDemo >> output/02-aba-problem-demo.txt 2>&1
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||||
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||||
echo "--- 03: VarHandle access modes demo ---"
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{
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echo '$ java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.VarHandleAccessModesDemo'
|
||||
echo ""
|
||||
} > output/03-varhandle-access-modes.txt
|
||||
java -cp target/classes com.ankurm.atomics.VarHandleAccessModesDemo >> output/03-varhandle-access-modes.txt 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
echo "--- 04: correctness tests ---"
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||||
mvn -q test
|
||||
cp target/surefire-reports/com.ankurm.atomics.CounterCorrectnessTest.txt output/04-counter-correctness.txt
|
||||
Executable
+13
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
|
||||
#!/usr/bin/env bash
|
||||
# Quick ad hoc JMH run against one benchmark class. Example:
|
||||
# ./scripts/run.sh IncrementBenchmark -t 8
|
||||
set -euo pipefail
|
||||
cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
|
||||
|
||||
BENCH="${1:?Usage: run.sh <BenchmarkClassName> [extra jmh args]}"
|
||||
shift || true
|
||||
|
||||
JAR=target/benchmarks.jar
|
||||
[ -f "$JAR" ] || { echo "Run 'mvn package' first."; exit 1; }
|
||||
|
||||
java -jar "$JAR" "$BENCH" "$@"
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicStampedReference;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Two parts. Part 1 forces a real ABA race against {@link TreiberStack} with
|
||||
* two threads and a latch, so the corruption below is an actual observed
|
||||
* race outcome, not a described one. Part 2 shows the minimal mechanism
|
||||
* {@link AtomicStampedReference} uses to detect - not prevent, detect -
|
||||
* exactly that race.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class AbaProblemDemo {
|
||||
|
||||
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
part1TreiberStackAba();
|
||||
System.out.println();
|
||||
part2StampedReferenceDetectsIt();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private static void part1TreiberStackAba() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
System.out.println("=== Part 1: a real ABA race against TreiberStack ===");
|
||||
TreiberStack<String> stack = new TreiberStack<>();
|
||||
stack.push("C");
|
||||
stack.push("B");
|
||||
stack.push("A");
|
||||
System.out.println("Initial stack (top first): " + stack.contentsSnapshot());
|
||||
|
||||
CountDownLatch t1HasRead = new CountDownLatch(1);
|
||||
CountDownLatch mainHasInterfered = new CountDownLatch(1);
|
||||
String[] t1Result = new String[1];
|
||||
|
||||
Thread t1 = new Thread(() -> {
|
||||
// Read oldTop=A, newTop=B, then pause right before the CAS - exactly
|
||||
// where a real thread could be preempted for an arbitrarily long time.
|
||||
TreiberStack.Node<String>[] read = stack.readForPopForDemo();
|
||||
TreiberStack.Node<String> oldTop = read[0];
|
||||
TreiberStack.Node<String> newTop = read[1];
|
||||
t1HasRead.countDown();
|
||||
try {
|
||||
mainHasInterfered.await();
|
||||
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
|
||||
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
boolean success = stack.finishPopForDemo(oldTop, newTop);
|
||||
t1Result[0] = success ? ("CAS succeeded, pop() would have returned \"" + oldTop.value + "\"")
|
||||
: "CAS failed (this is what we WANT to see - it did not happen here)";
|
||||
}, "Thread-1-stale-popper");
|
||||
t1.start();
|
||||
|
||||
t1HasRead.await(); // Thread 1 now holds oldTop=A, newTop=B, has not CAS'd yet.
|
||||
|
||||
// Main thread interferes: legitimately pop A, then B (both real pop() calls),
|
||||
// then push the SAME "A" node object back - simulating a pooled allocator
|
||||
// that reuses freed nodes instead of always allocating fresh ones.
|
||||
TreiberStack.Node<String>[] read = stack.readForPopForDemo();
|
||||
TreiberStack.Node<String> nodeA = read[0];
|
||||
String popped1 = stack.pop();
|
||||
String popped2 = stack.pop();
|
||||
System.out.println("Main thread popped, legitimately: \"" + popped1 + "\", then \"" + popped2 + "\"");
|
||||
System.out.println("Stack after those two real pops: " + stack.contentsSnapshot());
|
||||
stack.pushSameNodeForDemo(nodeA); // same object identity as Thread 1's oldTop
|
||||
System.out.println("Main thread pushed the SAME \"A\" node object back: " + stack.contentsSnapshot());
|
||||
|
||||
mainHasInterfered.countDown();
|
||||
t1.join();
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("Thread 1's stale CAS result: " + t1Result[0]);
|
||||
System.out.println("Stack contents after Thread 1's stale CAS: " + stack.contentsSnapshot());
|
||||
System.out.println("\"B\" is back in the stack even though the main thread already popped it and");
|
||||
System.out.println("nobody ever pushed it again - Thread 1's CAS matched on reference identity");
|
||||
System.out.println("alone (top was \"A\" both times it looked) and blindly installed a newTop");
|
||||
System.out.println("(\"B\") that was computed from a read that happened before two pops and a");
|
||||
System.out.println("push it never saw. \"A\" was also just handed out twice: once to the main");
|
||||
System.out.println("thread's first pop(), once to Thread 1's stale one.");
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private static void part2StampedReferenceDetectsIt() {
|
||||
System.out.println("=== Part 2: AtomicStampedReference detects the same shape of race ===");
|
||||
AtomicStampedReference<String> ref = new AtomicStampedReference<>("A", 0);
|
||||
|
||||
int[] stampHolder = new int[1];
|
||||
String staleRef = ref.get(stampHolder);
|
||||
int staleStamp = stampHolder[0];
|
||||
System.out.println("Reader captured: ref=\"" + staleRef + "\", stamp=" + staleStamp);
|
||||
|
||||
// Simulate the same A -> B -> A round trip, each transition bumping the stamp -
|
||||
// exactly what a real concurrent writer would do on every successful update.
|
||||
ref.set("B", staleStamp + 1);
|
||||
ref.set("A", staleStamp + 2);
|
||||
System.out.println("After a concurrent A -> B -> A round trip: ref=\"" + ref.getReference()
|
||||
+ "\", stamp=" + ref.getStamp() + " (reference is back to \"A\", but the stamp moved on)");
|
||||
|
||||
boolean plainWouldSucceed = staleRef.equals(ref.getReference()); // what a plain == / equals CAS would see
|
||||
boolean stampedSucceeds = ref.compareAndSet(staleRef, "Z", staleStamp, staleStamp + 1);
|
||||
|
||||
System.out.println("A plain AtomicReference.compareAndSet(\"A\", \"Z\") would see reference == \"A\" and "
|
||||
+ "succeed: " + plainWouldSucceed);
|
||||
System.out.println("AtomicStampedReference.compareAndSet(\"A\", \"Z\", " + staleStamp + ", " + (staleStamp + 1)
|
||||
+ ") actually succeeded: " + stampedSucceeds + " (false is correct - the stamp proves a change "
|
||||
+ "happened in between, even though the reference alone looks unchanged)");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* {@link AtomicLong#incrementAndGet()} - a hardware compare-and-swap loop under
|
||||
* the hood, retried until it succeeds. No lock, no parking, but every thread
|
||||
* that loses a CAS race spins and retries against the same single contended
|
||||
* memory location.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class AtomicLongCounter implements Counter {
|
||||
private final AtomicLong count = new AtomicLong();
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public void increment() {
|
||||
count.incrementAndGet();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public long get() {
|
||||
return count.get();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
/** The same shared counter, protected five different ways. */
|
||||
public interface Counter {
|
||||
void increment();
|
||||
long get();
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import org.openjdk.jmh.annotations.*;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* All five counters, same write-only workload, run at a fixed thread count
|
||||
* per JVM invocation via {@code -t N}; {@code scripts/run-all.sh} sweeps 1,
|
||||
* 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64 threads.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
@BenchmarkMode(Mode.Throughput)
|
||||
@OutputTimeUnit(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
|
||||
@State(Scope.Benchmark)
|
||||
@Warmup(iterations = 3, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
|
||||
@Measurement(iterations = 5, time = 1, timeUnit = TimeUnit.SECONDS)
|
||||
@Fork(1)
|
||||
public class IncrementBenchmark {
|
||||
|
||||
private final SynchronizedCounter synchronizedCounter = new SynchronizedCounter();
|
||||
private final ReentrantLockCounter reentrantLockCounter = new ReentrantLockCounter();
|
||||
private final AtomicLongCounter atomicLongCounter = new AtomicLongCounter();
|
||||
private final LongAdderCounter longAdderCounter = new LongAdderCounter();
|
||||
private final VarHandleCounter varHandleCounter = new VarHandleCounter();
|
||||
|
||||
@Benchmark
|
||||
public void synchronized_() {
|
||||
synchronizedCounter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Benchmark
|
||||
public void reentrantLock() {
|
||||
reentrantLockCounter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Benchmark
|
||||
public void atomicLong() {
|
||||
atomicLongCounter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Benchmark
|
||||
public void longAdder() {
|
||||
longAdderCounter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Benchmark
|
||||
public void varHandleCas() {
|
||||
varHandleCounter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.LongAdder;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* {@link LongAdder} takes the opposite approach to {@link AtomicLongCounter}:
|
||||
* instead of every thread fighting over one contended CAS location, writes
|
||||
* are spread across an internal array of per-thread (really, per-probe-hash)
|
||||
* cells that only get created once contention is actually detected, and
|
||||
* {@code sum()} adds them all up on read. Writes get cheap; reads get more
|
||||
* expensive and, crucially, not linearizable with concurrent writes - see
|
||||
* the README for what that trade-off actually means.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class LongAdderCounter implements Counter {
|
||||
private final LongAdder count = new LongAdder();
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public void increment() {
|
||||
count.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public long get() {
|
||||
return count.sum();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
|
||||
|
||||
/** The explicit-lock baseline, for comparison against the four lock-free strategies. */
|
||||
public final class ReentrantLockCounter implements Counter {
|
||||
private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
|
||||
private long count;
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public void increment() {
|
||||
lock.lock();
|
||||
try {
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
lock.unlock();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public long get() {
|
||||
lock.lock();
|
||||
try {
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
} finally {
|
||||
lock.unlock();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
/** Baseline: the same lock-based approach benchmarked in the {@code locks} module. */
|
||||
public final class SynchronizedCounter implements Counter {
|
||||
private long count;
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public synchronized void increment() {
|
||||
count++;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public synchronized long get() {
|
||||
return count;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicReference;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* A classic lock-free stack (Treiber, 1986): push and pop both loop on a
|
||||
* single {@link AtomicReference#compareAndSet} against the top node. This
|
||||
* textbook implementation is exactly where the textbook ABA problem lives:
|
||||
* {@code pop()} reads {@code oldTop} and computes {@code newTop} from it,
|
||||
* and if another thread pops that same node and later pushes the very same
|
||||
* node object back on - same reference, different {@code next} underneath
|
||||
* it by then - the CAS below sees the reference it expects and succeeds,
|
||||
* even though the structure it is about to install ({@code newTop},
|
||||
* computed from the now-stale read) is no longer correct.
|
||||
* <p>
|
||||
* The package-private {@code *ForDemo} methods exist only so
|
||||
* {@link AbaProblemDemo} can force that exact interleaving deterministically
|
||||
* - reusing the identical popped {@link Node} object on the way back in,
|
||||
* which is what a real freelist or pooled-node allocator does and is the
|
||||
* only way ABA is reproducible on purpose rather than by chance. The public
|
||||
* {@code push}/{@code pop} API never reuses nodes and is not affected.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class TreiberStack<T> {
|
||||
|
||||
static final class Node<T> {
|
||||
final T value;
|
||||
volatile Node<T> next;
|
||||
|
||||
Node(T value, Node<T> next) {
|
||||
this.value = value;
|
||||
this.next = next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private final AtomicReference<Node<T>> top = new AtomicReference<>();
|
||||
|
||||
public void push(T value) {
|
||||
Node<T> oldTop;
|
||||
Node<T> newNode = new Node<>(value, null);
|
||||
do {
|
||||
oldTop = top.get();
|
||||
newNode.next = oldTop;
|
||||
} while (!top.compareAndSet(oldTop, newNode));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public T pop() {
|
||||
Node<T> oldTop;
|
||||
Node<T> newTop;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
oldTop = top.get();
|
||||
if (oldTop == null) {
|
||||
return null;
|
||||
}
|
||||
newTop = oldTop.next;
|
||||
} while (!top.compareAndSet(oldTop, newTop));
|
||||
return oldTop.value;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public String contentsSnapshot() {
|
||||
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("[");
|
||||
Node<T> n = top.get();
|
||||
boolean first = true;
|
||||
int guard = 0;
|
||||
while (n != null && guard++ < 20) {
|
||||
if (!first) sb.append(", ");
|
||||
sb.append(n.value);
|
||||
first = false;
|
||||
n = n.next;
|
||||
}
|
||||
sb.append("]");
|
||||
return sb.toString();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// --- demo-only access below: never used by push()/pop() above ---
|
||||
|
||||
Node<T> topNodeForDemo() {
|
||||
return top.get();
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** Reads oldTop/newTop exactly like pop() does, but stops before the CAS and hands
|
||||
* both back so the demo can interleave real pop/push calls from another thread
|
||||
* in between - reproducing the read-side of the race, not simulating it. */
|
||||
Node<T>[] readForPopForDemo() {
|
||||
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
|
||||
Node<T>[] result = new Node[2];
|
||||
result[0] = top.get(); // oldTop
|
||||
result[1] = result[0] == null ? null : result[0].next; // newTop
|
||||
return result;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** Completes the CAS a {@link #readForPopForDemo()} call started - this is the
|
||||
* exact same compareAndSet pop() itself uses, just split in two so the demo can
|
||||
* inject interference in between. */
|
||||
boolean finishPopForDemo(Node<T> oldTop, Node<T> newTop) {
|
||||
return top.compareAndSet(oldTop, newTop);
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
/** Pushes back the SAME node object a previous pop observed, exactly as a pooled
|
||||
* allocator would - the one operation that makes ABA possible. */
|
||||
void pushSameNodeForDemo(Node<T> node) {
|
||||
Node<T> oldTop;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
oldTop = top.get();
|
||||
node.next = oldTop;
|
||||
} while (!top.compareAndSet(oldTop, node));
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
|
||||
import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* {@link VarHandle} exposes four families of access mode on the same field,
|
||||
* each a different point on the plain-to-volatile ordering spectrum defined
|
||||
* by {@code VarHandle}'s own class documentation. This demo runs all four
|
||||
* against one field and prints what each call returns - it does not and
|
||||
* cannot prove the ordering guarantees themselves on a 2-vCPU single-run
|
||||
* demo (that would need the kind of large concurrent campaign the jmm
|
||||
* module ran with jcstress, not a coordination primitive), so treat this
|
||||
* as "the API surface actually compiles and does what its Javadoc says
|
||||
* about its own return values," with the ordering claims themselves
|
||||
* attributed to the Javadoc in the README and the post.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class VarHandleAccessModesDemo {
|
||||
|
||||
private static final VarHandle FIELD;
|
||||
|
||||
static {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
FIELD = MethodHandles.lookup()
|
||||
.findVarHandle(VarHandleAccessModesDemo.class, "value", int.class);
|
||||
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
|
||||
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
|
||||
private volatile int value;
|
||||
|
||||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
VarHandleAccessModesDemo demo = new VarHandleAccessModesDemo();
|
||||
|
||||
// Plain: no ordering or visibility guarantee at all - same as a normal field
|
||||
// read/write. Fastest, and the only mode allowed to be reordered/cached freely.
|
||||
FIELD.set(demo, 1);
|
||||
System.out.println("plain set(1) / get() -> " + (int) FIELD.get(demo));
|
||||
|
||||
// Opaque: guarantees the write is eventually visible and reads/writes to THIS
|
||||
// location are not reordered with each other, but gives no happens-before
|
||||
// relationship with any OTHER variable - "just don't tear or cache forever."
|
||||
FIELD.setOpaque(demo, 2);
|
||||
System.out.println("setOpaque(2) / getOpaque() -> " + (int) FIELD.getOpaque(demo));
|
||||
|
||||
// Acquire/release: the one-directional half of volatile. setRelease publishes
|
||||
// everything written before it to a thread that later does a getAcquire on the
|
||||
// same location - one-way happens-before, cheaper than full volatile on some
|
||||
// hardware because it doesn't need a full bidirectional fence.
|
||||
FIELD.setRelease(demo, 3);
|
||||
System.out.println("setRelease(3) / getAcquire() -> " + (int) FIELD.getAcquire(demo));
|
||||
|
||||
// Volatile: full happens-before both ways, same guarantee as a `volatile` field
|
||||
// or synchronized access to it - what every Counter in this module's benchmark
|
||||
// that isn't plain/opaque/acquire-release actually relies on.
|
||||
FIELD.setVolatile(demo, 4);
|
||||
System.out.println("setVolatile(4) / getVolatile() -> " + (int) FIELD.getVolatile(demo));
|
||||
|
||||
// And the compare-and-swap family every lock-free Counter in this module is
|
||||
// actually built on:
|
||||
boolean casSucceeded = FIELD.compareAndSet(demo, 4, 5);
|
||||
boolean casShouldFail = FIELD.compareAndSet(demo, 4, 6); // 4 is stale now, expect false
|
||||
System.out.println("compareAndSet(4, 5) succeeded -> " + casSucceeded
|
||||
+ ", second compareAndSet(4, 6) succeeded -> " + casShouldFail
|
||||
+ " (expected false - value is 5, not 4, by the second call)");
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.lang.invoke.MethodHandles;
|
||||
import java.lang.invoke.VarHandle;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* The same compare-and-swap loop {@link AtomicLongCounter} does internally,
|
||||
* written out by hand against a plain {@code long} field via {@link VarHandle}.
|
||||
* This is what {@code AtomicLong} is built on, one layer down - no boxing,
|
||||
* no extra object, just a field and a handle that knows how to fence and
|
||||
* CAS against it.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
public final class VarHandleCounter implements Counter {
|
||||
|
||||
private static final VarHandle COUNT;
|
||||
|
||||
static {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
COUNT = MethodHandles.lookup()
|
||||
.findVarHandle(VarHandleCounter.class, "count", long.class);
|
||||
} catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {
|
||||
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(e);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
|
||||
private volatile long count;
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public void increment() {
|
||||
long current;
|
||||
do {
|
||||
current = (long) COUNT.getVolatile(this);
|
||||
} while (!COUNT.compareAndSet(this, current, current + 1));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Override
|
||||
public long get() {
|
||||
return (long) COUNT.getVolatile(this);
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
package com.ankurm.atomics;
|
||||
|
||||
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
|
||||
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Timeout;
|
||||
|
||||
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
|
||||
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
|
||||
|
||||
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
|
||||
|
||||
/**
|
||||
* Lost-update sanity checks for all five counters - does not test throughput
|
||||
* or the ABA/memory-ordering claims, only that nothing loses an increment.
|
||||
*/
|
||||
class CounterCorrectnessTest {
|
||||
|
||||
private static final int THREADS = 8;
|
||||
private static final int INCREMENTS_PER_THREAD = 50_000;
|
||||
|
||||
@Test @Timeout(30)
|
||||
void synchronizedCounterHasNoLostUpdates() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
assertNoLostUpdates(new SynchronizedCounter());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test @Timeout(30)
|
||||
void reentrantLockCounterHasNoLostUpdates() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
assertNoLostUpdates(new ReentrantLockCounter());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test @Timeout(30)
|
||||
void atomicLongCounterHasNoLostUpdates() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
assertNoLostUpdates(new AtomicLongCounter());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test @Timeout(30)
|
||||
void longAdderCounterHasNoLostUpdates() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
assertNoLostUpdates(new LongAdderCounter());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
@Test @Timeout(30)
|
||||
void varHandleCounterHasNoLostUpdates() throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
assertNoLostUpdates(new VarHandleCounter());
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
private void assertNoLostUpdates(Counter counter) throws InterruptedException {
|
||||
CountDownLatch ready = new CountDownLatch(THREADS);
|
||||
CountDownLatch start = new CountDownLatch(1);
|
||||
CountDownLatch done = new CountDownLatch(THREADS);
|
||||
|
||||
IntStream.range(0, THREADS).forEach(i -> new Thread(() -> {
|
||||
ready.countDown();
|
||||
try {
|
||||
start.await();
|
||||
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
|
||||
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
|
||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
||||
for (int j = 0; j < INCREMENTS_PER_THREAD; j++) {
|
||||
counter.increment();
|
||||
}
|
||||
done.countDown();
|
||||
}).start());
|
||||
|
||||
ready.await();
|
||||
start.countDown();
|
||||
done.await();
|
||||
|
||||
assertEquals((long) THREADS * INCREMENTS_PER_THREAD, counter.get());
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user