Here’s a comprehensive list of 8086 instructions categorized by type:

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1. Data Transfer Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
MOV	Copy data from source to destination	MOV AX, BX — Copies contents of BX into AX
PUSH	Push register/memory onto stack	PUSH AX — Pushes AX onto the stack
PUSHA	Push all general-purpose registers	PUSHA — Pushes AX, CX, DX, BX, SP, BP, SI, DI
PUSHF	Push flags register onto stack	PUSHF — Pushes flags onto the stack
POP	Pop from stack into register/memory	POP BX — Pops top of stack into BX
POPA	Pop all general-purpose registers	POPA — Pops registers in reverse order
POPF	Pop flags register from stack	POPF — Pops flags from stack
XCHG	Exchange data between two operands	XCHG AX, BX — Swaps AX and BX
IN	Input from port to accumulator	IN AL, 60H — Reads byte from port 60H into AL
OUT	Output from accumulator to port	OUT 60H, AL — Sends AL content to port 60H
LEA	Load effective address	LEA BX, [SI+10] — Loads effective address into BX
LDS	Load pointer using segment and offset	LDS SI, [2000H] — Loads DS:SI from memory
LES	Load ES:register from memory	LES DI, [2000H] — Loads ES:DI from memory
XLATB	Translate byte using lookup table	XLATB — Replaces AL with DS:[BX + AL]

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2. Arithmetic Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
ADD	Add source to destination	ADD AX, BX — Adds BX to AX
ADC	Add with carry	ADC AX, BX — Adds BX + Carry to AX
SUB	Subtract source from destination	SUB AX, BX — Subtracts BX from AX
SBB	Subtract with borrow	SBB AX, BX — Subtracts BX + Carry from AX
INC	Increment operand	INC AX — Increments AX by 1
DEC	Decrement operand	DEC BX — Decrements BX by 1
NEG	Two’s complement (negation)	NEG AX — Converts AX to -AX
CMP	Compare operands	CMP AX, BX — Compares AX with BX
MUL	Unsigned multiply	MUL BL — Multiplies AL * BL, result in AX
IMUL	Signed multiply	IMUL BL — Signed multiply AL * BL
DIV	Unsigned divide	DIV BL — Divides AX by BL, result in AL, remainder in AH
IDIV	Signed divide	IDIV BL — Signed divide AX by BL
DAA	Decimal adjust after addition	DAA — Adjusts AL for BCD after addition
DAS	Decimal adjust after subtraction	DAS — Adjusts AL for BCD after subtraction
AAA	ASCII adjust after addition	AAA — Adjusts AL after adding ASCII digits
AAS	ASCII adjust after subtraction	AAS — Adjusts AL after subtracting ASCII digits
AAD	ASCII adjust for division	AAD — Converts two ASCII digits to binary
AAM	ASCII adjust after multiplication	AAM — Adjusts result of multiplying ASCII digits

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3. Logical Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
AND	Bitwise AND	AND AX, BX — AX = AX & BX
OR	Bitwise OR	OR AX, BX — AX = AX | BX
XOR	Bitwise XOR	XOR AX, BX — AX = AX ^ BX
NOT	Bitwise NOT	NOT AX — AX = ~AX
TEST	Bitwise AND (no result change)	TEST AX, 0001H — Checks if LSB is set

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4. Shift and Rotate Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
SHL/SAL	Shift Left (Arithmetic/Logical)	SHL AX, 1 — AX = AX << 1
SHR	Shift Right (Logical)	SHR AX, 1 — AX = AX >> 1
SAR	Shift Right Arithmetic	SAR AX, 1 — Shifts right keeping sign
ROL	Rotate Left	ROL AL, 1 — Rotates AL bits to the left
ROR	Rotate Right	ROR AL, 1 — Rotates AL bits to the right
RCL	Rotate through Carry Left	RCL AL, 1 — Rotates with carry flag left
RCR	Rotate through Carry Right	RCR AL, 1 — Rotates with carry flag right

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5. Branch/Jump Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
JMP	Unconditional jump	JMP 2000H — Jump to address 2000H
JE/JZ	Jump if equal/zero	JE LABEL — Jump if zero flag is set
JNE/JNZ	Jump if not equal/not zero	JNE LABEL — Jump if zero flag is not set
JC	Jump if carry	JC LABEL — Jump if carry flag is set
JNC	Jump if no carry	JNC LABEL — Jump if carry flag is clear
JA	Jump if above	JA LABEL — Jump if CF=0 and ZF=0
JAE/JNB	Jump if above or equal	JAE LABEL — Jump if CF=0
JB	Jump if below	JB LABEL — Jump if CF=1
JBE	Jump if below or equal	JBE LABEL — Jump if CF=1 or ZF=1
JGE	Jump if greater or equal	JGE LABEL — Jump if SF=OF
JL	Jump if less	JL LABEL — Jump if SF≠OF
JG	Jump if greater	JG LABEL — Jump if ZF=0 and SF=OF
JLE	Jump if less or equal	JLE LABEL — Jump if ZF=1 or SF≠OF
JNA	Jump if not above	JNA LABEL — Jump if CF=1 or ZF=1
JNAE	Jump if not above or equal	JNAE LABEL — Same as JB
JNBE	Jump if not below or equal	JNBE LABEL — Same as JA
JNG	Jump if not greater	JNG LABEL — Jump if ZF=1 or SF≠OF
JNGE	Jump if not greater or equal	JNGE LABEL — Jump if SF≠OF
JNL	Jump if not less	JNL LABEL — Jump if SF=OF
JNLE	Jump if not less or equal	JNLE LABEL — Jump if ZF=0 and SF=OF
JNO	Jump if no overflow	JNO LABEL — Jump if OF=0
JNP/JPO	Jump if not parity/parity odd	JNP LABEL — Jump if PF=0
JNS	Jump if not sign	JNS LABEL — Jump if SF=0
JO	Jump if overflow	JO LABEL — Jump if OF=1
JP/JPE	Jump if parity/parity even	JP LABEL — Jump if PF=1
JS	Jump if sign	JS LABEL — Jump if SF=1
JCXZ	Jump if CX is zero	JCXZ LABEL — Jump if CX=0
LOOP	Loop with CX	LOOP START — Decrements CX, jumps if CX ≠ 0
LOOPE/LOOPZ	Loop while equal/zero	LOOPE LABEL — Loop if CX≠0 and ZF=1
LOOPNE/LOOPNZ	Loop while not equal/not zero	LOOPNE LABEL — Loop if CX≠0 and ZF=0

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6. String Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
MOVSB	Move byte from string	MOVSB — Moves byte from DS:SI to ES:DI
MOVSW	Move word from string	MOVSW — Moves word from DS:SI to ES:DI
CMPSB	Compare byte strings	CMPSB — Compares byte at DS:SI with ES:DI
CMPSW	Compare word strings	CMPSW — Compares word at DS:SI with ES:DI
SCASB	Scan byte string	SCASB — Scans for byte in AL in string at ES:DI
SCASW	Scan word string	SCASW — Same for words
LODSB	Load byte from string to AL	LODSB — Loads from DS:SI to AL
LODSW	Load word to AX	LODSW — Loads from DS:SI to AX
STOSB	Store byte from AL	STOSB — Stores AL into ES:DI
STOSW	Store word from AX	STOSW — Stores AX into ES:DI
REP	Repeat prefix	REP MOVSB — Repeat MOVSB while CX ≠ 0
REPE/REPZ	Repeat while equal/zero	REPE CMPSB — Repeat if ZF=1 and CX≠0
REPNE/REPNZ	Repeat while not equal	REPNE SCASB — Repeat if ZF=0 and CX≠0

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7. Flag Manipulation Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
CLC	Clear carry flag	CLC — Clears CF
STC	Set carry flag	STC — Sets CF
CMC	Complement carry flag	CMC — Inverts CF
CLD	Clear direction flag	CLD — Makes string ops increment
STD	Set direction flag	STD — Makes string ops decrement
CLI	Clear interrupt flag	CLI — Disables interrupts
STI	Set interrupt flag	STI — Enables interrupts
LAHF	Load flags into AH	LAHF — AH ← lower byte of flags
SAHF	Store AH into flags	SAHF — flags ← AH

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8. Control Transfer Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
CALL	Call subroutine	CALL 3000H — Calls subroutine at 3000H
RET	Return from subroutine	RET — Returns from procedure
RETF	Return far	RETF — Returns far from procedure
INT	Call interrupt	INT 21H — Calls DOS interrupt
INTO	Interrupt on overflow	INTO — Calls interrupt if OF=1
IRET	Return from interrupt	IRET — Used in interrupt handlers

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9. Miscellaneous Instructions

Instruction	Explanation	Example
NOP	No operation	NOP — Does nothing
HLT	Halt CPU until interrupt	HLT — Halts CPU
WAIT	Wait for TEST pin to clear	WAIT — Waits until TEST=0
ESC	Escape to external processor	ESC 0, [BX] — For coprocessor
LOCK	Lock memory bus for next instruction	LOCK INC [BX] — Atomic increment
CBW	Convert byte to word	CBW — Extends AL to AX with sign
CWD	Convert word to double word	CWD — Extends AX to DX:AX with sign