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8086 Data Directives: DB, DW, DD, DQ, DT, DUP, EQU, PTR, and OFFSET

Data directives are assembler instructions, not CPU instructions — they tell the assembler how much memory to reserve and what value to store there at load time. The CPU never executes a DB or DW; it simply finds the bytes already in memory when it accesses that address at runtime. Choosing the right directive matters: use DB for bytes and strings, DW for 16-bit integers and addresses, DD for far pointers and 32-bit values, and DUP to initialise arrays without typing each value individually.

1 min read
Ankur in Java

Java Interview Preparation Guide

A categorized Java interview prep guide covering core Java, collections, concurrency, Streams/Optional, and Spring basics, with annotated code, comparison tables, and notes on why each topic trips candidates up.

1 min read
Ankur in Java

Overview of New Features in Java 19

Java 19 has just been released — September 20, 2022 — as a short-term support release on the six-month cadence the Java platform moved to starting with Java 9. It is not an LTS release, but that does not make it uninteresting: Java 19 ships 7 JEPs, several of them highly anticipated by the Java community. Virtual Threads, in particular, represent one of the most significant changes to the Java concurrency model in years. The headline features span concurrency, pattern matching, native interop, and platform reach. Three features arrive as preview (complete but seeking feedback), one as an incubator module (early-stage API), and the rest are fully stable additions. Because several require flags to enable, we will also cover exactly how to turn them on — both on the command line and in Maven. This article walks through each major Java 19 feature with code examples and explains the preview and incubator status so you know what you can try today and what to expect in future releases.

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Git Add . (All)

git add . stages all changes in the current directory and everything below it — modified files, new files, and deleted files — in a single command. It's the fastest way to prepare everything for a commit when you want the full working-directory state captured. This is the fourth post in this site's Git command guide, following Git Add.

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Git Push

git push uploads local commits to a remote repository. This guide covers upstream tracking with -u, --force vs --force-with-lease, and how to resolve a real rejected-push error.

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Git Pull

git pull fetches and merges remote changes. This guide covers the divergent branches reconciliation warning, setting pull.rebase and pull.ff, and a merge-vs-rebase comparison table.

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Git Checkout

git checkout switches branches and restores files. This guide covers detached HEAD state and the checkout vs switch vs restore split introduced in Git 2.23, with a side-by-side comparison table.

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Git Branch

git branch lists, creates, renames, and deletes branches. This guide covers renaming master to main with -m, the difference between -d and -D, and a reference table of common flags.

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Git Log

git log displays commit history. This guide covers --oneline --graph --all for compact history, git log -p for diffs, filtering by author and date, and a flag reference table.

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Git Status

git status shows modified, staged, and untracked files in your repository. This guide covers the short format (-s), how .gitignore interacts with status output, and a full status-code reference table.

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